Overview Impact of UNICEF for Vulnerable Children

Overview Impact of UNICEF for Vulnerable Children Executive summary Everyone all have the right to the lead the lives they choose free from abuse as a result of one vulnerable effects, danger to health and life or due to any other circumstances. Unfortunately there are times and scenarios where people are faced with neglects, treats to life, exploitation harm and abuse especially children. It is very important to ensure that people who are vulnerable receives all the basic support and assistance to keep them safe and protected all the time. United Nations International Children Emergency Funds (UNICEF) is part of the world’s organisations providing help and support to the vulnerable from all over the world after working in over one hundred and ninety (190 different countries. However, UNICEF is readily available to respond to emergencies that strike any person or countries delivering lifesaving help to children within 48 hours (UNICEF, 2014). This organisation helps in five major areas of concern which includes, violence exploitation and abuse, Disease, Hunger and malnutrition, war and conflict and Disasters. Furthermore, it can be seen that all this areas are the world’s most threatening scenarios which makes UNICEF the world most recognised organisation that provides support. It is however the only organisation that is specifically named under the United Nation (UN) convection on the rights of a child as a source of expert assistant and adviser. Table of Contents (Jump to) Executive summary INTRODUCTION WHY SUPPORT THE WORK OF THIS ORGANISATION INTRODUCTION A vulnerable person is referred to as anyone who is or may be, in any case unable to take care of his or herself financially, health wise or issues concerning significant harm or exploitation. This maybe as a result of mental illness, physical disabilities, sensory impairment, war, old age or as the case maybe. However, due to all these above vulnerability, such an individual or group of people are liable to receive care services in their houses, community or even country as a whole. This health care practices or support are usually carried out by registered organisation whose sole aim is to protect people in need and the vulnerable. UNICEF was originally establish by the united nation in December 1946 by the united nation to provide food, clothing to the European children after the World War 2, when the countries were facing disease and famine. UNICEF is part of the world’s leading organisation that provides support to vulnerable people. This organisation works for children and child rights and other related issues, having tentacles in over more than one hundred and ninety (190) countries, including families, local communities, business partners and Government to help each and every child reach their full potential. Fig 1 (UNICEF, 2014) WHY SUPPORT THE WORK OF THIS ORGANISATION UNICEF is known for their positive impact in the nation’s welfare considering the vulnerable and the less privileged people. Right now children and lots of people face violence, diseases, and hunger, war and natural disaster. This issue is getting alarming and due course to reduce it are really being concentrated on by organisation like SCOPE, OXFAM, NSPCC especially UNICEF. UNICEF helps ensure that most of the world’s children are in good condition, fed, vaccinated educated, protected and taken care of than any other leading organisation. UNICEF is based and established in over 190 countries in the world, influencing the laws, policies and customs of such countries in other to help benefit the vulnerable people or people in need. United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is a charitable organisation that believes that every person’s lives matters throughout their life time right up until they die, and that no one deserves to be in an avoidable pain, sufferings or any kind of emotional distress. This organisation was established in order to conquer the barrier of poverty, violence, diseases and discrimination placed in every child’s path. Not supporting this kind of organisation after considering all the positive things and actions they carry out is like ignoring JESUS’s coming. ISSUES BEING ADDRESSED BY THE ORGANISATION UNICEF is the driving force that helps build a world where the rights of every child are realised. It is believed that nurturing and caring for children and the people in needs are the cornerstones of human progress. UNICEF focuses on five big and major dangers children faces in the world today. Which are; Violence, exploitation and abuse Disease Hunger and malnutrition War and conflict Disaster Violence, exploitation and abuse: According to the UNICEF UK report, â€Å"every five minutes a child dies as a result of violence, while more children live in fear and panic of physical, emotional and sexual abuse and however this has a long term effect on any children that is being exposed to such a bad experience. In some cases children are being beaten up, raped or even to the extent of murder in some cases as a result of violence. (UNICEF, 2010) Children that are victim of violence are likely to develop â€Å"soldiers exposed to combat† which means they later be lured into being a drug addict, drunk or mentally derailed due to series of horrible experience they went through. Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the long lasting symptoms that tends to happen to children that have been abuse or victim of violence. Child trafficking is also one of the abuse which any children could face. As a charitable organisation, UNICEF helps protect these children and their families by setting up services and working as part of a team with the government to ensure national child protection system are effective. And also informative declarations are made to the communities to change their approach towards abuse and violence and know that it is not acceptable. Disease: Lots of children are in danger of deadly but preventable diseases e.g tuberculosis, tetanus, measles, polio, diphtheria and whooping cough. Children dies from these diseases as a result of lack of health care facilities in the country. And all these diseases can easily be prevented by immunisation. It is noted that children faces a lot of challenges but diseases is one of the greatest. 1 in 3 deaths of children under 5 years old are preventable by vaccines and 4 out of 5 children are immunised with the help of UNICEF. Every year a lot of children dies from disease such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoeas due to inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services and lack of poor hygiene practice and this is one the major causes of under-five mortality. However UNICEF being the world’s largest vaccines distributor. They also support immunisation programmes in more than hundred countries to protect children live. When a certain country is going through natural disaster or any kind of epidemic disease, UNICEF is always there to provide vaccination campaigns. Furthermore, UNICEF works with more than ninety (90) countries to improve children live through better water supplies and sanitation facilities in schools and communities by promoting safe hygiene such as practising hand washing techniques, making sure they do everything it takes to stop disease spreading and killing. War and Conflict: Countries like South Sudan, central Africa, Republic of Iraq and Syria. War and conflict has put lives of millions of children in awful danger and treat. These children having lost their homes, families and loved ones and even their own lives in some cases. As a result of this, most of this children become vulnerable to many other dangers such as diseases, malnutrition, violence, exploitation, they often become orphans and homeless children. UNICEF are always there to provide lifesaving food, water, medicine, protection and psychological support to children whose lives have been ruined due to the effects of the war and conflicts. It also ensures that children caught up in war and conflicts gets the help they deserve in order to stay safe and strong. Hunger and malnutrition: Every human being needs food and water to survive. A lot of children are in danger because of inadequate supply of food and water. As a result of malnutrition a child dies every 15 seconds especially in parts of Africa. More children live with the lifetime effects such as physical disabilities and learning difficulties. When a child is born, the first couple thousand days tends to be the most crucial days in their lives. And so if they do not get enough nutrients during those days, their brains and bodies are liable to not developing properly. UNICEF helps mothers and communities to keep their children healthy and well nourished. It provides 80% of the emergency food that saves life. By making sure that children eat food that gives them enough nutrient they need in their body. This has helped cut the number of children that are badly affected by nearly 100 million since 1990. All this is because of the food provided by UNICEF. Disaster: Due to climatic changes, a lot of severe and frequent natural disaster, food crises and rainfall patterns changing are putting people especially children in danger. Natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, tsunami and typhoon results in children losing their homes, families and lives. After any kind of disaster, children are left vulnerable to many emotional breakdown, exploitation and this make so people homeless in the case of tsunami or flood, or death in some cases where people are being engulfed into the ground in the case of earthquake. However UNICEF as an organisation is always there to provide help for children that has gone through this terrible disaster in order to stay strong and focused and give them enough assurance that would encourage them they could still have the lives they never thought they would ever have again. With the help of the Government, people and UNICEF provides life-saving supplies for the children immediately after an emergency and also help the communities to help rebuild their homes, towns and schools or any damages caused as a result of the disaster. Conclusion After making child survival rates better than before, including all the above mentioned care being rendered to every vulnerable individual, UNICEF being a charitable organisation should be well publicised so that people and other less privileged or not well known communities and people can be reached by its good work. I would also like to suggest that everyone should embrace this organisation and continues to work with it so that the sharing of the important responsibility of helping and keeping vulnerable people safe is achieved. Bibliography UNICEF. (2010, January 10). Retrieved from UNICEF: http://www.unicef.org/whatwedo/ UNICEF. (2014, January 12). Retrieved from UNICEF: http://www.unicef.org.uk/mobile/about-unicef.html volunteer now. (2010, 12 22). safe guarding vulnerable adults . Retrieved from http://rqia.org.uk/cms_resources/safeguarding-vulnerable-adults-a-shared-responsibility-colour-nl.pdf Page | 1

JIL Church Attendance Monitoring System

The main purpose of this study is to develop a better attendance monitoring system in JIL Church in Iligan City. This study intends to fill such weaknesses of the proponents found. JIL Church Attendance Monitoring System maintains a daily record of a person’s arrival and departure time from Church. Time and attendance system are the modern day equivalent of the paper time sheet or attendance that are done manually.Through this system the leaders of the church that whose assign for the attendance sheet are they done without struggling for maintaining daily record of a person and makes it easy and fast for monitoring the attendance of every attendee. An Attendance Monitoring System serves as a time log that is set up as a computerized database. Using of this computerized database it can monitor the attendance of every person attends in church activity. There is a difference in recording keeping if that person is a first-timer or attendee or regular attendee. An attendance monito ring system for a person would contain attendee history, references and performance information.The system contains also the person's name, address, day, time, month and number of person’s attended that determined the level of her/his life-growth and the inviters. The system keeps records in order and is frequently updated. When seeking person’s information, the pastors can request certain reports to be printed from the attendance monitoring system even for the whole attendance of every activity for the whole month or for the whole year are automatically calculate every datails on that activity with necessary reports and information.Statement of the problem Statement of the problem†¢ Existing system to monitor attendance does not exist. JIL Church still doesn’t have a computerized system in their management . This computerized system make easier to JIL group leaders to manage the attendance problem and more systematic. †¢ Save time and keep data more s ecuredThe point here is to reduced time and ensure that the data is kept systemically and free from damage. †¢ Create a systemic and effective attendance monitoring system The management for the attendance process is not systemic because when using the manual system, there are lot of disadvantages and problems. They should replace the manual system to a computerized system to manage all the process properly.Objectives†¢ To provide a computerized system with high efficiency, error free and high quality services to the users concerning the attendance record. †¢ To build a system that can reduce the number of damage data. †¢ To build one system that helps the JIL group leader to makes his/her work easy and fast in attendance and accurate head counts.The existing attendance monitoring of JIL Church in Iligan City are done manually. This process of monitoring requires tremendous manual work. Based on interviews and observation, the following problems have been establi shed. Inaccurate head count.Slow processing and prone to alternation. Time-consuming of preparation of reports.General Problem The existing attendance monitoring of JIL Church are done manually and there is a possibility that all information will lost and disorder files.Objectives of the problemThis study is to design and develop a computer-based system for a better attendance monitoring system for YJ and Sunday Service of the JIL Church in Iligan City. The following are the solution for a better attendance monitoring. Through this system all attendees are have accurate head count. The attendees are easy to monitor.All reports of the whole week of a month are on time and updated .Scope and limitation of the study There are many branches in Jesus Is Lord Church in the Philippines but this study focus only in JIL Church in Iligan City, Area 54 where located at Tibanga, Iligan City.

Impact in Bangladesh’s Economy After the Budget of Export Import

Assignment On Impact in Bangladesh’s economy after the Budget of Export Import on Food and Garments Course Name: Financial Management Course Code: Bus-302 Section- 01 Submitted To Sumaiya Zaman Lecturer & Co- Ordinator ULAB School of Business Submitted By Tamim Hossain Turjo Id. 092011100 Md. Masud Rana Id. 092011084 Sony Saha Id. 092011090 Mst. Tazmina Afrin Nipu Id. 092011096 Atiker Nesa Chowdhury Id. 093011101 University of Liberal Arts BangladeshDate Of Submission: 18-08-2011 INTRODUCTION The national budget of FY2011-12 has been announced at the midpoint of the present government’s five years occupancy, spoiled by challenges to maintain the balances and the achievement of the targets for which it was voted to power. The current situation of macroeconomic balances, particularly triggered by instability of prices and contractionary financial policies, may be further pressurized by the possibility of fiscal compress.These developments of maintaining the balances may p ut the government on the edge of achieving the target of growth, recovery from lethargic improvement in poverty improvement and the reversing the rising trend of inequality. The investment scenario is yet to take the desired path, particularly being underpinned by high interest rate, low FDI inflow, acute power crisis, poor governance, and political instability. The inflationary pressure has been mounting at a rising rate mostly through food inflation in the country.Furthermore, higher trade deficit and the stagnated remittance inflow are putting pressure on the balance of payment situation. The financial space squeeze has emerged by growing burden of financial support requirements especially to the power and energy sector driven by the government to finance the private generators and the global fuel price hike. The limitation of fiscal space might make it difficult for the government to seek remedy to refreshment required for revamping the economy.In addition to that, IMF’s loan with unsuitable conditionality might create severe pressure on the overall macroeconomic strength as well as attaining the targeted growth path. The government might face extraordinary challenges to reach the growth target as quoted in the budget document of FY2011-12 due to the lack of supporting base in the overall economy of Bangladesh. The fiscal space squeeze and IMFs conditions for accessing one billion dollar loan to Bangladesh might also cover the way for increasing different types of inequality; such as – geographical inequality, income inequality and social inequality in the country.Moreover, macroeconomic correlates will be further stressed due to the mounting public debt. The cost of public debt has turned out to be a major concern attributing to the rise in interest rate and a depreciating exchange rate. The government is facing difficulty in debt financing caused by the squeezing of financial space. It is necessary to mention here that if debt financing is to be met by borrowing from the central bank, it would create inflationary pressure; on the other hand, if it is met by borrowing from the commercial banks, there is a possibility of crowding out the private investment.Therefore, debt financing and its management is a critical issue for the present government that needs to be dealt skillfully. In the budget of FY2011-12, the government’s financial strategy should have emphasized the need for maintaining the overall macroeconomic stability as well as fiscal sustainability. Moreover, the government ought to boost the investment through infrastructural development in order to achieve the targeted growth as well as to eradicate poverty and inequality. Budget of 2009-2010 1. Slow down in export growth with some sectors in negative territory: The export growth during July-March period in 2009-2010 stood at 14. percent which was 12. 4 percent during the corresponding period of the year 2008. During this period, RMG sector registered a growth of 19. 9 percent of which the share of woven garments was 18. 4 percent and that of knitwear 21. 4 percent. Frozen foods on the other hand registered negative growth. 2. Export growth may decline to 12 percent: It is in this context that the export growth will moderate in the last quarter of year 2009-2010. As a result, there is a downward projection of export growth to 12 percent in the year 2009-2010. This was 15. 9 percent in the previous year. 3.Decline in import growth projected: About 80 percent of Bangladesh’s imports constitute essential commodities, a large part of which are raw and intermediate materials for industrial production. In the first nine months of the year 2009-2010, import growth registered a decline to 12. 4 percent from 23. 9 percent during the corresponding period of the year 2009-2010. This is attributable to the sudden fall of fuel price and the prices of other commodities. 4. Zero-rate tax will continue for major food items and fertilizer s: We have no alternatives to increasing agricultural production to attain food autarky.Our government has declared agriculture as the top priority sector. Proposal of continue with the zero tariff on imports of fertilizer, seeds and major food grains along with medicine and raw cotton. Proposal to withdraw VAT on the imports of raw materials to produce pesticides to keep pesticides easily available for farmers. To offer protection to the local dairy industry, propose to impose 5% regulatory duty in addition to 12% customs duty on milk powder imported in bulk. 5. Import of milk based food preparations (HS Code 1901. 90. 10) in bulk is subject to 20% supplementary duty.As there is no difference in duty structure between locally packed products and products packed outside, the local packaging industries are affected. Propose to withdraw 20% supplementary duty on the import of this item in bulk. Budget Of 2010-2011 1. Export: While export of commodities and services had shrunk by 20. 4 percent globally due to economic downturn in 2009, Bangladesh managed to achieve a 10. 3 percent growth in export. This is obviously a commendable achievement for Bangladesh. . Due to the global recession, export earnings have increased by only 1 percent during July- April of FY2009-10.It is to be noted that export earnings are on the rise since March 2010 and in April this has increased by 19 percent. Optimistic that this trend will continue in the remaining months of current financial year as well as in the coming fiscal year. 2. Import: Due to recession, prices of commodities in global market as well as volume of imports have declined. While imports shrank by 12 percent in the developed countries and by 8. 4 percent in the emerging and developing economies, import growth of Bangladesh stood at 4. 1 percent in 2008-09.In the first ten months i. e. up to April of FY2009-10, import expenditure has increased by 0. 8 percent compared to the corresponding period of the previous financ ial year. Import has, however, increased by 24. 9 percent on the basis of L/Cs opened during July-April period. The good news is that the import of capital machineries and raw materials has increased by 54 percent and 12. 5 percent respectively on the basis of L/C opened during this period which will have a positive impact on the economy in the near future. 3.With a view to keeping the prices within the reach of the general people. Propose to maintain the 0 percent customs duty rate on commodities like rice, wheat, onion, pulse. Considering the sudden exorbitant increase in the world price of milk powder. propose to reduce import duty from 12 percent to 5 percent and withdraw 5 percent regulatory duty on milk powder. 4. The specific rate of duty on raw sugar was withdrawn last year in response to the sudden price hike of sugar at the world market. However, due to a good crop this year, its world price has gone down.Therefore, to ensure higher revenue collection to meet government's developmental needs, propose to impose specific rate of duty on raw sugar and refined sugar at the rate of Tk. 2,000 and Tk. 4,000 per metric ton respectively. Budget Of 2011-2012 Indicators| Unit/Growth Rate| 2009-10(Real)| 2010-11(July-April)| 2010-11(Provisional)| 2011-12(Projected)| Export| Billion US$Growth (%)| 16. 2(4. 1)| 18. 2(40. 9)| 22. 4(38. 0)| 25. 7(14. 5)| Import| Billion US$Growth (%)| 23. 7(5. 5)| 27. 5(41. 4)| 31. 0(45. 0)| 35. 4(14. 0)| 1. Export: With the rebound in global trade, Bangladesh's export is growing increasingly.During the July-April period of FY 2010-11, our export stood at US$ 18. 2 billion which is 40. 9 percent higher over the same period of the last fiscal. Efforts are underway to explore new markets and diversify exportable commodities. It is expected that export will exceed US$22. 4 billion in the current fiscal and this trend will continue in the next fiscal year as well. 2. Import Global imports of goods and services have also bounced back fro m the negative growth in the aftermath of the recession In FY 009-10, our import payments posted a growth of 5. percent. During the July-April period of the current fiscal, import picked up and grew by 41. 4 percent Around 80 percent of our imports are essential industrial commodities On the basis of Letter of Credit settlement, over the July April period of the current fiscal, imports of capital machinery and industrial raw materials recorded a growth of 43. 1 and 49. 8 percent respectively Growth of imports of capital machinery and industrial raw materials reflects the robustness in investment and the momentum created in our economy. 3.In order to keep the price of commodities within the reach of the people, I propose to maintain zero rate of import duty on rice, pulse, wheat, sugar, edible oil, onion, fertilizer, seeds, life saving medicine and cotton. Comparison Between Budget 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 1. Export: We see in FY 2009-2010export growth stood 14. 5% . It is better than the year 2008. In 2009-2010 FY RMG sector registered 19. 9%. But Frozen Foods is in Negative Growth. In the FY 2010-2011 export growth is increased by 19% from March to November and it can be running for rest of this FY.So we can say that In FY 2010-2011 Bangladesh manage to increase their Export growth. It can be give an impact in our GDP. 2. Import: In 2009-2010 FY Import growth decline 12. 4% from 23. 4% in the first 9 month because of sudden fall of fuel price and other commodities. In FY 2009-2010 0% rate on import tax for major food grains and 0% rate on import tax for raw and refined Sugar because of high price of sugar. 12% custom duty on milk powder and 5% regulatory duty on milk powder. In FY 2009-2010 20% supplementary duty is withdraw for milk based food preparations.In FY 2010-2011 it remains 0% tax for food grains like rice, pulse etc. In this year govt. are agree to decrease the tax 12% to 5% in milk powder and withdraw the 5% regulatory duty on milk powder. Because o f the low price of sugar this year Govt. Includes 2000 tk tax for per metric ton raw sugar and 4000 tk tax for per metric ton refined sugar. Comparison Between Budget 2010-2011 to 2011-2012 1. Export: In the FY 2010-2011 export growth is increased by 19% from March to November and it can be running for rest of this FY. In FY 2010-2011 Bangladesh manage to increase their Export growth from the year 2009-2010.In FY 2011-2012 Govt. targeted to gain 14. 5% export growth but that is declining. It is expected that export will exceed US$22. 4 billion in the current fiscal and this trend will continue in the next fiscal year as well. 2. Import:- In FY 2010-2011 it remains 0% tax for food grains like rice, pulse etc. In this year govt. are agree to decrease the tax 12% to 5% in milk powder and withdraw the 5% regulatory duty on milk powder. Because of the low price of sugar this year Govt. Includes 2000 tk tax for per metric ton raw sugar and 4000 tk tax for per metric ton refined sugar.In t his FY 2011-2012 Govt. claim that they will picked up the import growth 41. 4% percent overall. 0% tax rate is in food grains. Tax on sugar is proposed to decreased by 0%. Impact on Our Economy Chart: GDP growth rate from 2009 to 2011 In the budget of 2011-12, the government has targeted 7 percent GDP growth rate. It took two decades for Bangladesh to achieve 6 percent GDP growth rate from 4 percent. Now the government aims to achieve another 2 percent growth rate within five years without any major changes in policy which seems to be improbable considering the previous growth path.Although Bangladesh is in an advantageous position in relation to world average growth and the growth of emerging and developing economies, it is lagging slightly behind in comparison to the Developing Asian economies. The real GDP growth in FY 2009-10 has been finally computed to be 6. 1 percent but it can be increase in that year if we export more of our frozen foods. According to the provisional estima te, in FY 2010-11, a real GDP growth of 6. 7 percent has been achieved. Considering the prospects and potential risks in the context of global and domestic economic perspectives, real GDP growth target for FY 2011-12 at 7 percent.GDP growth increase does not mean that absolutely our financial sector is good. Bank deposit rate is decreasing day by day because of high price of commodities. We import so many food items from outside of the country. RMG product export is always creating positive impact in our economy. It decreases our unemployment problem. It holds major part of our GDP. In RMG sector inflow is more than outflow but in food sector it totally reversed. Recommendation : GDP growth of any country is blessing for that country. Our Budget is always dreamy to fulfill. No govt. can fulfill their Oath. In our Country every people in govt. re corrupted. But our Finance Minister Mr. Abul Mal Abdul Muhit set an Expectation For GDP to 7%. Hope this Govt. can achieve it. Our countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s food market is stuck by 4 or 5 people who make syndicate and our food price is increasing. Recently for this sugar price is increasing so high. So we can say we have to stop the syndicate to flexible our market. In RMG sector, the overall situation is good without employee’s satisfaction. So we need to develop employee’s satisfaction which will automatically increase production and export. Conclusion: The budget of FY 2011-2012 is very dreamy.Our finance minister is very dream loving person. He propose 1635. 89 billion taka’s budget but we cannot afford this budget. In the FY 2010-2011 our finance minister give a budget of 1321. 7 billion takas budget. We want the correct budget for our country for which we can improve our country’s economic condition. We have to change by ourselves. We have to inspired by other country who are developing day by day. We have to improve our export and import sector. Because this sector is mostly responsible for in crease our GDP. References 1. Mof. gov. bd 2. www. unnayan. org 3. Books of Budget Published By NBR

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Also known as the Central African Federation, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was created between August 1st and October 23, 1953, and lasted until December 31, 1963. The federation joined the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), the colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the protectorate of Nyasaland (now Malawi). Origins of the Federation White European settlers in the region were perturbed about the increasing black African population but had been stopped during the first half of the twentieth century from introducing more draconian rules and laws by the British Colonial Office. The end of World War II led to increased white immigration, especially in Southern Rhodesia, and there was a worldwide need for copper which existed in quantity in Northern Rhodesia. White settler leaders and industrialists once again called for a union of the three colonies to increase their potential and harness the black workforce. The election of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 worried the British government, which began to see federation as a potential counter to the Apartheid policies being introduced in SA. It was also seen as a potential sop to black nationalists in the region who were starting to ask for independence. Black nationalists in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia were worried that the white settlers of Southern Rhodesia would come to dominate any authority created for the new federation; this proved to be true, as the Federations first appointed prime minister was Godfrey Huggins, Viscount Malvern, who had already served as PM of Southern Rhodesia for 23 years. Operation of the Federation The British government planned for the Federation to eventually become a British dominion, and it was overseen from the start by a British assigned governor-general. The federation was an economic success, at least at the start, and there was an investment in a few expensive engineering projects, such as the Kariba hydro-electric dam on the Zambezi. In addition, in comparison to South Africa, the political landscape was more liberal. Black Africans worked as junior ministers and there was an income/property-owning basis to the franchise which allowed some black Africans to vote. There was still, however, an effective white minority rule to the government of the federation, and just as the rest of Africa was expressing a desire for majority rule, nationalist movements in the federation were growing. Break up of the Federation In 1959 Nyasaland nationalists called for action, and the resultant disturbances led to the authorities declaring a state of emergency. Nationalist leaders, including Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, were detained, many without a trial. After his release in 1960, Banda decamped to London, where with Kenneth Kaunda and Joshua Nkomo he continued to campaign for an end to the federation. The early sixties saw independence come to a number of French African colonies, and the British prime minister, Harold Macmillan, gave his famous wind of change speech in South Africa. The British had already decided in 1962 that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede from the federation. A conference held in early 63 at Victoria Falls was seen as a last-ditch attempt to maintain the federation. It failed. It was announced on February 1, 1963, that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland would be broken up. Nyasaland achieved independence, within the Commonwealth, as Malawi on July 6, 1964. Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia on October 24th that year. White settlers in Southern Rhodesia announced a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on November 11, 1965.